At the root of liberty is responsibility. For our lives, and for the wrongs we see in our vicinity.

Luke Houghton takes a look at this basic necessity for liberty in his entry, Does it Pay to do the right thing?

Perhaps going overboard in worrying about other people are some spectators of politics. Jon Swift takes his usual wit and humor to the Senator Craig incident.

I usually try to stay neutral on entries to carnivals I host, but once in awhile, I cannot. In Privates, Publics and Politics, TrustedAdvisor argues for a new ethic regarding personal and public responsibility. I think there is a mischaracterization of the conservative and libertarian in the argument. We do not shy away from governmental programs because we think that those people who benefit from these services should “get a life” and take responsibility for themselves. It is that we believe that we should be responsible for ourselves, and those in our communities. Governmental involvement necessarily decreases personal liberty on multiple levels.

The problem is that our federal government does not have constitutional authority in these matters. Our society cannot survive unless we each take personal responsibility and corporate responsibility for our welfare. Governmental involvement is a separate issue.

And Mad Kane offers us another limerick, this time about Tony Snow.

There are a number of “good things” that we generally believe everyone should have access to. Education is one of them. But who is responsible for our education?

Life Nurturing Education takes a well thought out look in her entry, Who is Responsible for Education?

Consent of the Governed takes a look at a student loan forgiveness program.

And Corn and Oil looks at a situation in which the state has overstepped its authority, requesting registration of homeschools . She asks another interesting, and almost frightening question. Where is the protest? Without it, liberties are quickly eroded.

Health care is another one.

JasonPye.com offers some interesting statistics in the nationalized health care debate, using Georgia as an example.

National defense is an interesting topic of its own in discussing liberty. For some reason, this carnival only attracts submissions from one side of the discussion. I have never really talked about the war on this blog, and am not even sure where my readers stand with regards to this issue. If you feel so inclined, please let me know. I promise I’ll be nice no matter what you believe. When should we go to war? What constitutes a just war? When is our national security at risk? Does the current conflict satisfy any of those tests?

Fear and Loathing offers a photo essay to describe what he thinks of the War in the Middle East.

The Agonist takes on the military on a different argument regarding our security and our future with regards to budget issues in The Third Rail War.

On a related note, fiscal responsibility both in our private affairs and those of government are important for liberty.

Phil for Humanity takes a look at why we refuse to be fiscally responsible at a national level.

Thank you for visiting this edition of the Carnival of Principled Government. More information about the goals of the carnival may be found here. Entries may be submitted here. And if you would be interested in hosting, please email me!

Thank you for visiting the 12th Carnival of Principled Government, where we strive to uphold the founding vision of our founding fathers. This week’s edition is dedicated to that unfortunate byproduct of the internet we all know and love: spam. Why? Mostly because the state of Nebraska keeps sending me the same survey to fill out which they say is completely optional. I actually was planning to until I got it for the third time. I am not sure the government can spam you, but it certainly seems to.

The definition of spam is:

To indiscriminately send unsolicited, unwanted, irrelevant, or inappropriate messages, especially commercial advertising in mass quantities. Noun: electronic “junk mail.”

I don’t know what this spammer was trying to sell me, because I don’t click on links and attachments from unknown sources. But the string of quotes was interesting, so they shall string together this week’s entries for the Carnival of Principled Government. With a few interjected comments since there were not so many entries!

The greater the hold of government upon the life of the individual citizen, the greater the risk of war.

The Daily Planet might agree with John Hospers as she takes a look at government with an amusing anecdote and a hypothetical law.

If there were dreams to sell, what would you buy?

Perhaps there is a bit of Thomas Lovell Beddoes in the Trusted Advisor as he discusses the American disease.

The scars you acquire while exercising courage will never make you feel inferior.

Thank you for that insight, D.a. Battista.

The charm of fame is so great that we like every object to which it is attached, even death.

Blaise Pascal, maybe you have discovered the secret to why we always vote for incumbents. All About Voting discusses the predictability of voting.

I love my government not least for the extent to which it leaves me alone.

That’s mine. If only I had an entry. Nice philosophy on life, John Updike!

The real death of America will come when everyone is alike.

I think Po Moyemu would agree with James T. Ellison on that. After all, without choice, what do we have?

If I didn’t start painting, I would have raised chickens.

Grandma Moses had that practical bent to her, didn’t she? Since song writing is its own art form, I’ll slip Mad Kane’s limerick in here.

It is a weakness that I lead from my heart, and not my head?

Yes, Princess Diana.

Remember, a dead fish can float downstream, but it takes a live one to swim upstream.

Thanks, W.C. Fields. I may have to use that some day.

The first duty of love is to listen.

Paul Tillich is probably right about that. But perhaps loving is the effect of truly listening?

I am thirty-three — the age of the good Sans-culotte Jesus, an age fatal to revolutionists.

Aah! Camille Desmoulins and I are the same age?!

Underneath this flabby exterior is an enormous lack of character.

The Agonist might connect with this given his entry on Jose Padilla.

Friendship is a disinterested commerce between equals. Love, an abject intercourse between tyrants and slaves.

I’ll have to think about that for awhile, but at the moment I feel sorry for Oliver Goldsmith.

I hope you enjoyed this edition of the Carnival of Principled Government. If you would be interested in hosting a future edition, please take a look at the vision. If you would be interested in hosting, please email me (available in my sidebar).

Given the number of obligations I have taken on in recent weeks, I will be rescheduling this carnival to monthly so that I have more time to devote to the editions as they come up.

Welcome to the 81st Carnival of Homeschooling, where we are taking some time off teaching for some professional development. Teacher in-service days mean no school, so help your young scholars find something to do while you peruse the offerings. Whether a quick tip or research into how children learn, each presentation is designed to help you become a little better teacher and parent, with just a touch of controversy to keep it interesting.

All good meetings begin with a humorous anecdote. This one is brought to you by Dewey’s Treehouse. Enjoy your in-service!

The Wood Between the Worlds: what does home mean to you? Presented by The Little Homeschool on the Prairie

Why are you homeschooling? So you can keep up with the curriculum or so that you can teach your child? Presented by: Seeking Rest in the Ancient Paths

I am the bionic woman. Find out where your bionics come from. Presented by Mother-Lode

Why won’t your son be going to kindergarten? A former public school teacher answers. Presented by boys + academy

Why is homeschooling so successful? The not-so-secret secret of educational success. Presented by Alasandra

Ten Little Commandments for the Home School. Presented by My Domestic Church

Working Memory Training Presented by Sharp Brains

Testing and teacher competence. How do you measure up? Presented by Barbara Frank

Discover your learning style. Presented by The Online Education Database

Should everyone homeschool? Should you be homeschooling? Presented by Homeschooling Journey

Testing, No Child Left Behind and what you probably already do. Presented by Homeschool 2.0

Diagnosis: Pervasive Development Disorder. Presented by Homeschool Daze Blog

The number one rule of parenting. Presented by Just Enjoy the Journey

The Half-Life of Knowledge, teaching and learning in the 21st century. Presented by Principled Discovery

Planning

Planning the year. Presented by In Pursuit of Proverbs 31

Looking back: Planning with The Thinking Mother. Presented by The Thinking Mother

What are we doing? Setting goals for real life. Presented by The Voice of Experience

Setting short and long term goals. Presented by Lothlorien

Literature from Egypt. Presented by Trivium Purs
uit

The Kingdom Series by Chuck Black. Warning: Spoilers! Presented by The Milk and Honey Tea House

“What’s Smaller Than a Pygmy Shrew?” Presented by The Thomas Institute

English Translations of the Classics. Presented by Redbud’s Lane

Create your own family newsletter. Presented by Beverly Hernandez

Give your kids a sport they can love. Presented by The Eclectic Telegragh

Incorporating the President’s Challenge into your homeschool. Presented by Stepping Heavenward

Give your kids a break! Appreciate the downtime. Presented by Life Without School.

Idyllic evenings, a perfect example of downtime. Presented by salterblog.com

Education can be practical and delicious! Berry Picking 101, presented by Stop the Ride

Sew a simple puppet stage. Presented by HowToMe

Make learning delicious with this lollipop unit study. Speaker: broken homeschool

The principles of art appreciation. Presented by The Common Room

The artwork of summer. Presented by Heart of Harmony

Sharing artwork. Presented by SuperAngel

Explore nature with the nature study. Presented by Eclectic Homeschool

Make the science/literature connection with environmentally friendly books. Presented by Mommy Babble

Welcome to the electronics learning lab! Presented by Po Moyemu–In My Opinion

Learning tens is child’s play! Presented by Let’s Play Math

When should you start teaching your children about money? Presented by HomeschoolCPA

How do children understand math? Insights into the mind of a child. Presented by The Not Quite Crunchy Parent

Promoting moral development. Presented by Why Homeschool

Why should you do legal research? Presented by APMFormulators

Virginia School Division Policy Manuals and Central Virginia Government School Websites Presented by Po Moyemu-In My Opinion

Opinions for all: HSLDA and its multi-issue stance as a single-issue organization. Presented by Question the Culture

New Answer to an old question: is homeschooling legal? Presented by All Info About Homeschooling

A Notice to the Connecticut Department of Education. Presented by Consent of the Governed

The NEA’s stance on abortion. Presented by No Fighting, No Biting

Why homeschool independently? Presented by Independent Homeschooling

Planning a trip to the museum? How about a free pass? Presented by Bending the Twigs

Enjoy some relaxed summer learning, where the lessons go well beneath the surface. Presented by Diary of 1

Planning for college. Presented by Campus Grotto

Feminist homeschooling concerns. Presented by Just enough and Nothing More

Thank you for attending this in-service training. The Carnival of Homeschooling is maintained by Why Homeschool and submission guidelines may be found here. The next edition will be hosted at Tami’s Blog.

homeschooling, education, carnivals, carnival of homeschooling

Welcome to the Ninth Carnival of Principled Government. This round’s submissions included an eclectic mix of entries on a variety of topics, and one editor’s choice. I hope you find some food for thought in each!

I’m going to lead off with an editor’s choice from an unlikely blog: free from, a blog devoted to Gluten free living. The entry is about an experience with her daughter, but she so eloquently defines the heart of what is needed to improve our nation: personal responsibility.

Am I old-fashioned in thinking that individual responsibility is important here, rather than provision by society?

Individual responsibility is common sense, is it not? In honor of Independence Day, Kill Bigotry offers an insightful entry on one of America’s more enigmatic founding fathers, Thomas Paine, the author of Common Sense.

If we don’t take responsibility, our liberties will not last long. Wenchypoo defines liberty and invites us to defend it in the means provided: the ballot box. But many of us are too preoccupied with Paris Hilton to notice much else.

Rethink reflects on the executive branch and the office of President in particular. I wish I knew how to get there, but this is definitely the heart of “principled government,”

Let’s let it [the presidency] be serious again, by filling it with occupants who are more interested in serving and going back to private life as quickly as possible, as opposed to these overly ambitious individuals who would be great if the older system of incentives were in place, but who are threatened by an even more expectant and ambitious democracy that has changed the nature of government.

Quietly into the Night shares an interesting article about the standardization of curriculum in This is why my son is homeschooled. When we decide the state knows better than the teacher what a student should be taught, we have definitely left our founders’ vision of limited self-government.

The First Creation explores two types of interactions between members of society: force and choice.

Not specifically relevant to the goals of this carnival, but an important topic nonetheless is an entry from Hakim Abdullah, An Islamic view of Suicide Bombing. I appreciated this quote shared by one of his commenter’s:

Terrorism is to religion, as adultery is to marriage.

From rhetoric to relevance? Scatterbox offers an interesting entry on the defection of two leaders from WakeUpWalMart to back John Edwards’ run for presidency.

Mad Kane offers a little poem sharing her distaste for Nader.

Salterblog shares a recent internet quiz which labels him as a Freedom Crusader. I’d prefer not to share my results…the questions were a bit, well, you can read them for yourselves.

TrustedAdvisor offers an entry about ideology and a review of Regina Herzlinger’s ideas for health care reform.

And I offer a quick look at someone who is recommending that the UN amend Article 18 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to define missionary activities as a form of violence.

Thank you for visiting this edition of the Carnival of Principled Government. More information about the goals of the carnival may be found here. Entries may be submitted here. And if you would be interested in hosting, please email me!

carnivals, government

Welcome to the Eighth Carnival of Principled Government, where we have absolutely no theme, just seven entries, all submitted by the authors.

Jumping in at the deep end, Rethink challenges some notions of fundamental rights in Politics in the Age of Fundamentalism.

Which, as we have discussed, is a wonderful thing when the citizenry is thoughtful and responsible and wanting to make the best use of its freedom. But what happens when an emphasis on freedom becomes an excuse to overthrow authority of all sorts, including the authority of the best one is capable of?

Responsibility and freedom are concepts which are historically connected, as I discussed some time ago in Freedom: An Ancient Custom of Rights and Responsibilities.

On the subject of being thoughtful and responsible, how would you like to get paid for it? Consent of the Governed talks about Bribing the Poor.

T.F. Stern’s Rantings shares the frustrations of dealing with the state’s irrelevant requirements for locksmiths. Gotta love this response from the Institute of Justice,

Unfortunately, I do not believe there is any realistic way for IJ (or anyone else) to challenge continuing education requirements on constitutional grounds at this time. In a nutshell, the state of the law regarding occupational regulations like these is so horrendous that the government can get away with just about anything–no matter how stupid, wasteful, venal, anti-competitive, or unfair. In essence, courts have simply declared that evaluating occupational regulations to ensure they are fair, reasonable, and actually likely to achieve their state ends is none of their business. (emphasis added)

An interesting post, Is Islam Compatible with Democracy? over at Hakim Abdullah. Hakim is a western Muslim, and raises a number of interesting points about how the West has treated the Middle East since the beginning of the Cold War. I think starting with this comment would be helpful to understanding the post, however:

By democracy I mean, principles of social equality that respect the individuals within a community. And a government which is developed by the people through elected representatives.

This idea is in fact very Islamic. And since Muslims all agree that sharia is an unassailable truth, the problem then is fiqh, is it not? And this is what I am referring to when I wrote,

“…Islamists have yet to work out present day socio-economic realities particularly with respect to legislation in a usurious and secular global environment.”

At least I understood the post very differently after reading this. If you really would like to read more, given the brevity of this carnival, check out the comment thread over at Daily Kos.

Quietly into the Night shares a story about misleading information regarding contamination after 9/11 with the fitting title, And Our Government Wonders Why We Don’t Trust Them.

And Mad Kane offers another parody, The GOP’s in for a Rudy Awakening.

Thank you for visiting this edition of the Carnival of Principled Government and I hope you were able to find something worth pondering. The general vision and the archives may be found here. The submit form is here. If you would be interested in hosting, please email me (my email address is in the sidebar). Have a great week!

And a dollar short, as the idiom goes. Welcome to the Carnival of Principled government where we share thoughts on the principles behind our founding from a variety of perspectives. My sincerest apologies to anyone who follows this carnival closely enough to notice it didn’t go up yesterday as scheduled. The following submissions were submitted by the blog owners except the two marked (EC) for editor’s choice. These actually were emailed to me, however, although not specifically for inclusion in the carnival.

Welcome to The Gonzo Education Carnival! We have a nice assortment of links related to education. Feel free to share your thoughts here, and on the contributor’s blogs! Unless otherwise noted (EC for Editor’s Choice), all entries were submitted by the participants.

The word education is derived from the Latin educare, a compound word combining ex- “out + ducere “to lead.” Its primary sense, therefore, is to lead out. Out of ignorance. Out of childhood. Out of bondage. Noah Webster, in his 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language gives a four-point definition to education:

Education comprehends all that series of instruction and discipline which is intended to enlighten the understanding, correct the temper, and form the manners and habits of youth, and fit them for usefulness in their future stations.

Attempting to enlighten the understanding, Denise of Let’s play math answers a question I asked a number of times in high school. Why do I need to know this stuff? Her answer is a lot better than my teachers’ answers:

Because it will be on the test.

As Scatty desires to lead her children through Green Fields and Open Horizons, rather than force them into a predetermined mold, she shares a book I think I may have to acquire, Mathematician’s Delight. (By the way, Scatty is homeschooling in Germany where it is illegal. She has an interesting post, Hacking Away at Schulpflicht, for those interested.)

How does the teacher engage the class? Monty Python is here to help. Well, there to help, across the pond in Great Britain, as diary from england shares.

If we are being led out of childhood, who are we following? Seeking Rest in the Ancient Paths ponders and finds not a school, nor a particular teacher but her father. And a vacuum cleaner. (HSB has some strange issues. If you get a blank page, hit refresh and her entry will pop up.)

All Things Hold Together examines how we perceive education to be something which occurs elsewhere (EC), in an institution, with certified staff. That is, after all, what schools are for, isn’t it?

To me, education is foundational to liberty. We cannot make informed decisions, or sometimes even recognize our liberty is in danger, without the ability to find information and comprehend its meaning. As The Gonzo Papers shares, the warning signs go off, but you may be battling a hangover without a clue what the sirens mean. (Minor references to drugs, alcohol and I think a curse word, but what was college for in the 70s?)

An educated person should be able to reason, to form opinions and defend those opinions. We do not all have to agree, but we should be willing to engage in the conversation. Reasoned Audacity takes a look at a debate that is raging in America today.

It isn’t all about textbooks, facts and discrete knowledge. It is about understanding. And it is about forming the manners and habits of youth, as SuperAngel is still figuring out over at The Daily Planet. (That HSB thing again…just hit refresh.)

If the heart of education is leading rather than molding, understanding rather than memorizing, and who we are rather than the stamp on the diploma, why are we so concerned about about that little stamp? Can You Repeat That…shares some thoughts. What? Jenn “only” has a GED?

Fitting a child for usefulness in his future station is a complicated process. Proving to a stranger that he is fit can be as challenging. The Lives and Times of…Anthony McCune shares how to go about proving yourself.

Shanan Trail takes a look at a more modern purpose for education, one we homeschoolers generally have a bit to say about. In 1981, Benjamin Bloom wrote in his book, All Our Children Learning,

The purpose of education and the schools is to change the thoughts, feelings and actions of the students.

Making a similar point with two short definitions, Educating Germany compares what education should be to what it has become.

What are the concrete effects of an education built on the pillar of socialization? Ed from the Flada Blog shares his thoughts on what he learned in public school (EC).

With a little cynicism, Feeling Stoopid (who in his email described his site as “a bit off color for some”) takes a look at another popular purpose of education:

College is no longer about education. It is all about getting a little scrap of paper that says you ran the gauntlet of 5 years and survived.

Reasoning which is almost as inspiring as “Because it will be on the test.” With such high purposes for modern education, would you believe that there is truancy in Hartford, Connecticut? Consent of the Governed shares.

How did we get here? From a nation with one of the highest literacy rates in the world, where the Federalist Papers were read by the common man, to a nation that dares not assign such things in college? Project Education Renovation explores this topic in depth on her blog. And Horace Mann (EC) had a lot to do with the shift in purpose.

Thank you for visiting this week’s carnival. As I note in the dedication to this blog, the subject of education is the most important subject we as a nation can be involved in.

This carnival is part of the Gonzo carnival series and is maintained by For Your Success–Resources for Life.

Related Carnivals:

The 119th Carnival of Education is up over at the Education Wonks where you can read the reflections of educators on a variety of education related topics.

The 72nd Carnival of Homeschooling traveled to Hawaii last week, and is up at The Palm Tree Pundit.

Clip art from Clipart Heaven.

Related Tags: education, homeschooling, carnivals

What is a blog carnival? I started this post, and then realized there isn’t much point to reinventing the wheel, so to speak. I wrote a sort of introduction to blogging last summer for a friend that provides a summary. (Note, if you actually are looking to increase traffic, realize that I am not a high traffic blog so my advice isn’t worth a lot. That was written for a beginning blogger who had only just learned what a blog even was.)

And here is a more in depth answer, from Blogcarnival, a good website for those seeking to submit to a carnival, start a carnival or maintain a carnival. A good number of these have been discontinued (and I wish they would find their way off the list), but just check out the number of registered carnivals!

Now, a step-by-step guide to participating:

1. Select a post you really like and want to share. Maybe something on education?
2. Go to Blogcarnival’s carnival page and surf. Select a category or type in a keyword. “Education” brings up several. The Education carnival I am hosting does not actually come up there because its theme changes each edition. It is…well. It isn’t there. So you will have to go here if you need more information or just email it to me at gottsegnet*at*gmail*dot*com. (Maybe that is why I haven’t gotten any submissions from blogcarnival, yet!)
3. Click the links, read the information, check out the carnival’s homepage and decide whether your post fits. This is important. You will not really get much targeted traffic if your post does not fit the carnival’s theme.
4. Click on that little orange button that says, “Submit your blog article to this carnival.“
5. Fill out the form and you should hear back from me, er, the carnival host when I receive it and when the carnival is published.

How much traffic does that generate? It really depends. If you are looking for thousands of hits, that isn’t likely to happen. The carnival of homeschooling is a well-promoted carnival with a small following and generally does well in terms of traffic. Enough that I notice a difference in traffic between when I submit and when I don’t. Occasionally, a post submitted to a carnival will gain wider attention. My little public school satire, for example, was submitted to a carnival and was noticed by Dr. Helen (instapundit’s wife) and generated several more links and traffic which still trickles in now and again. That is rare, but fun.

More importantly, however, is the opportunity to check out several blogs with a similar focus quickly. I like blogging, and I like reading blogs. I don’t like surfing through technorati and google to find something to read, however. I have those blogs I read daily, but the carnivals I check out provide a nice sampling of blogs I don’t normally read. Since people generally submit their best work or posts with something they want to share, it saves fishing through posts like this one which are a little off topic for the blog in question.

Enjoy! Please always ask any questions you have! I did not really understand what a carnival was until the first time I participated. I learn by doing, and although I read all about what a carnival was, it didn’t make a lot of sense to me at first.

I enjoy carnivals. It is interesting to read so many different opinions about a related topic. Most of them do not produce that much traffic, but I have had an occasional post gain some attention from a variety of blogs due to a submission to a carnival. Here are a couple you may wish to contribute to:

The Gonzo Carnival of Education. This is not the Carnival of Education owned by the Education Wonks. The theme of this carnival is different with each edition and I decided education would fit my blog better. Anything education related is welcome, and that is one of the broadest topics I can think of. Just send me the link to gottsegnet*at*gmail*dot*com. I think you know what to do with that or you probably aren’t smart enough to read this blog.

Also, my little pet project, the Carnival of Principled Government, is hitting the road for the first time. The next edition will be over at Movement of Existence, a blog I really enjoyed reading through. You can send submissions through the carnival submit form at blogcarnival.com.

One of the more “fun” carnivals to follow is the Carnival of the Insanities over at Dr. Sanity. Everyone needs a little insanity in their week.

The Carnival of Homeschooling seems the most successful which I have participated in. I think it benefits greatly from the Cate’s hard work and the desire of most of us to take a peek into other people’s homeschools and discuss education issues. So take a moment to visit this week’s edition. Hey, it’s in Hawaii. How can you pass that up?

It looks like the same old rivalry between Christian and secular homeschoolers is heating up, again. Of course, things like this don’t help much. Actually, I have a lot more to say on that topic. So stand by for a rant. I’ll get to that tonight when I have time to actually prepare a post.

Related Tags: blogging, carnivals

Welcome to the Fifth Carnival of Principled Government, a carnival which strives to uphold our founders’ vision for our nation as found in our founding documents. In honor of East High’s recent victory in the We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution Contest, we shall have a little test.

1. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and…

a. Property
b. the Pursuit of Happiness
c. Security of Person
d. Healthcare

2. The following issues deal with one amendment to the Constitution.

1. Altering the Pledge
2. Bipartisan Reform Act
3. Flag Burning

Which one?

3. Designed to silence Republican criticism of the Federalists, the Sedition Act of 1798 would have held what consequences for this song writer?

a. Fine not exceeding $5000, and imprisonment six months to five years.
b. Fine not exceeding $2000, and imprisonment not exceeding two years.
c. Fine not exceeding $1000.

4. In a 1748 essay, Samuel Adams stated,

[N]either the wisest constitution nor the wisest laws will secure the liberty and happiness of a people whose manners are universally corrupt.

Because of this, we need:

a. More federal control of education
b. Greater integrity in our leaders
c. More laws and more laws and more laws.

5. Who gives power to our federal government?

a. The Czar(s)
b. The military
c. The people

6. Two guiding principles for the United States’ early years were:

a. Liberalism and socialism
b. Limited governments and free markets

7. Thank you for visiting this edition of the Carnival of Principled Government. If you enjoyed this carnival, you should:

a. Consider linking.
b. Submit a post for the next carnival.
c. Consider hosting. (My email is available through my profile).
d. All of the above.

Related Tags: carnivals, government, politics, libertarian, conservative